Commercial Amino Acids

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Market	Chemicals
Report Type	Market Research
Country	United States
Published	1 August 2011
Number of Pages	241
Report Delivery	Email
Delivery Lead Time	1-3 hours, 24 hour max
Publisher	BCC Research
File Format	PDF

- The U.S. market for amino acids represents 20% of the global market with $1.8 billion (in 2011), and is likely to exceed $2 billion by 2016, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.5% between 2011 and 2016.

- Animal feed supplements accounted for the highest market share with expected sales of $1.03 billion in 2011. This should reach more than $1.2 billion in 2016 at a CAGR of 3.9%

- The market for flavorants is estimated to reach nearly $561 million in 2011 and is expected to increase at a 3% CAGR to reach $650 million in 2016

Commercial interest in amino acids is an outgrowth of an understanding of the many functions that these life-giving substances perform in humans and animals. As understanding of the functions and properties of amino acids increases, new commercial applications enter development, while current commercial uses continue to expand their worldwide markets. New production technology continues to make large-scale production of these products more economical. In turn, increased availability creates newer and larger markets for these vital substances.

Amino acids gained commercial significance shortly after the turn of the century with the discovery of the flavor-enhancing quality of glutamic acid and the marketing of monosodium glutamate in Japan. Increased knowledge of the role amino acids play in the value of nutritional protein led to their being used to fortify animal feeds, as food supplements for humans, and to sustain seriously ill patients who had to be fed with intravenous solutions.

Since the 20 protein amino acids can be arranged in any order to make any number of polypeptides, their potential for a variety of inventions in the field of medicine is extraordinary. Their current uses in animal feed and food additives will continue to grow as there are no substitutes for amino acids and their value has been well proven.

INTENDED AUDIENCE

This comprehensive study provides facts, data, and insights to senior market and planning executives, venture capitalists, and for the amino acid product interest community. It will assist manufacturers of products in any of the applicable markets, as well as technical personnel involved in research and development of production technology for commercial amino acids. This especially includes readers in:

The chemical industry
Research institutions involved with studying amino acids
Amino acid manufacturing
Industries that have amino acid byproducts

SCOPE OF REPORT

This technical/market report outlines the properties of the 20 commercial essential amino acids that are delineated in the genetic code, current and future uses, technology, and their manufacturers. This report focuses on three commercial amino acid markets: animal feed supplements, flavoring and nutritional additives for human food, and specialty uses including medical, therapeutic, research, and industrial applications. Feed and food applications offer steady growth opportunities to their manufacturers and their use will continue to grow both as a result of population increases and an overall increase in the worldwide standard of living.

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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..... 1
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES .. 1
REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY ..... 1
INTENDED AUDIENCE 1
SCOPE OF REPORT ...... 2
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES .... 2
ANALYST CREDENTIALS ... 3
RELATED BCC REPORTS ... 3
BCC ON-LINE SERVICES .... 3
DISCLAIMER ... 3
DISCLAIMER (CONTINUED) . 4
CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY .. 5
SUMMARY . 5
SUMMARY (CONTINUED) ..... 6
SUMMARY TABLE U.S. AMINO ACIDS MARKET SIZE, THROUGH
2016 ($ MILLIONS) .. 7
SUMMARY FIGURE U.S. AMINO ACIDS MARKET SIZE, 2008-2016 ($MILLIONS) . 7
CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW OF AMINO ACIDS ..... 8
TABLE 1 THE PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS ..... 8
COMMERCIAL INTERESTS 9
TABLE 2 MAJOR COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS .. 9
FEED FORTIFICATION ... 9
FOOD FLAVORING AGENTS ...... 10
SPECIALTY USES .... 10
DIETARY NEEDS ..... 10
TABLE 3 THE "ESSENTIAL" AMINO ACIDS ... 11
BIOLOGIC VALUE OF AMINO ACID MIXTURES .... 11
TABLE 4 PROTEIN VALUES OF SELECTED FOODS . 12
RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE ...... 12
AMINO ACID METABOLISM ...... 13
PROPERTIES . 13
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE .. 14
TABLE 5 CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF AMINO ACIDS ... 14
ISOLATION/ANALYSIS ..... 14
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY 14
CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION ...... 15
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 15
TABLE 6 AMINO ACIDS BY PRODUCTION METHODS ...... 15
TABLE 6 (CONTINUED) .... 16
EXTRACTION .... 16
FERMENTATION ..... 17
MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCESSES .... 17
TABLE 7 AMINO ACID PRODUCTION BY FERMENTATION ... 18
CHEMICAL D SYNTHESIS ... 18
ENZYMATIC CONVERSION . 19
REGULATION 19
FEDERAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA) .. 19
U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP) . 20
TABLE 8 USP VERIFIED AMINO ACID PRODUCTS .... 20
The Bush Administration .... 20
CHAPTER FOUR: STRUCTURE OF THE INDUSTRY AND ITS
COMPETITIVE ASPECTS 21
TABLE 9 MAJOR AMINO ACID PRODUCERS, 2011 ..... 21
TABLE 9 (CONTINUED) .... 22
FIGURE 1 SHARE OF GLOBAL AMINO ACIDS MARKET, 2011 (%) 22
FIGURE 1 (CONTINUED) . 23
IMPORTANT STRATEGIES ...... 23
MARKET SHARE .. 23
TABLE 10 LEADING PRODUCERS OF AMINO ACID BY TYPE 24
FIGURE 2 MARKET SHARE OF MAJOR PLAYERS, 2011 (%) .... 25
LEADING COMPANIES ..... 25
ADISSEO U.S.A . 25
AJINOMOTO AMINOSCIENCE, LLC 26
AJINOMOTO CO. ..... 26
TABLE 11 NUMBER OF AJINOMOTO AFFLIATES PER CONTINENT . 27
AJINOMOTO FOOD INGREDIENTS, LLC ...... 27
AJINOMTO HEARTLAND, LLC .. 27
ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND CO. (ADM) ..... 28
CJ CORPORATION .. 29
DAESANG CORPORATION .. 29
EVONIK 29
ICHIMARU PHARCOS CO., LTD. 30
KYOWA HAKKO KOGYO ...... 30
MITSUBISHI TANABE PHARMA 31
MONSANTO 31
NIPPON SODA .. 31
NOVUS INTERNATIONAL, INC. 32
SANOFI-AVENTIS ... 33
SHOWA DENKO K.K. ..... 33
TANABE USA INC. .. 33
ZHEJIANG CHEMICALS ...... 33
MARKET FORCES 34
CHAPTER FIVE: COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS ...... 35
TABLE 12 COMMERCIAL AMINO ACIDS BY USE 35
TABLE 13 U.S. MARKET SIZE FOR AMINO ACIDS, THROUGH 2016 ($MILLIONS) ...... 36
ANIMAL FEED SUPPLEMENTS .... 36
PHASE FEEDING .... 37
ANIMAL FEED REGULATION .... 38
International ... 39
TYPICAL ANIMAL FEED PRODUCT 39
Complete Protein Sources ... 39
New Amino Acid-Based Feed Products ... 40
AMINO ACID RESEARCH AND ANIMAL NUTRITION ..... 40
FIGURE 3 ANIMAL FEED SUPPLEMENTS' MARKET SHARE, 2011 (%) ...... 41
FIGURE 3 (CONTINUED) . 42
CHAPTER SIX: METHIONINE ... 43
METHIONINE 43
METHIONINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS .. 44
FIGURE 4 METHIONINE CONSUMPTION MARKET SHARES, 2011
(%) 45
METHIONINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS ..... 45
FIGURE 5 WORLDWIDE METHIONINE MARKET SHARES BY
REGION, 2011 (%) .. 46
TABLE 14 MAJOR METHIONINE PRODUCTION CAPACITY
WORLDWIDE BY COMPANY, 2011 (KILO TONS) .... 47
TABLE 15 METHIONINE MANUFACTURERS 48
TABLE 16 U.S. METHIONINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($MILLIONS) ...... 48
TABLE 17 U.S. METHIONINE MANUFACTURING CAPACITIES
ANNUAL CAPACITY, 2011 (MILLION LB.) .. 49
METHIONINE PRODUCT TYPES AND COMPARATIVE
NUTRITIONAL VALUES ..... 50
TABLE 18 PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN METHIONINE DOMESTIC
CONSUMPTION: DL METHIONINE, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION
LB.) ..... 50
TABLE 19 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF METHIONINE, THROUGH 2016
(MILLION LB., 99% DL METHIONINE BASIS) ... 51
PRICE OF METHIONINE .. 51
TABLE 20 AVERAGE PRICE OF METHIONINE, THROUGH 2016
($/LB) . 51
METHIONINE PATENTS... 52
METHIONINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) 53
METHIONINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) 54
PATENTS BY CATEGORY .... 55
TABLE 21 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011 . 55
TABLE 22 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO METHIONINE
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 56
TABLE 23 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO METHIONINE PRODUCTS
BY YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) . 56
CHAPTER SEVEN LYSINE .. 57
LYSINE .... 57
LYSINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS .. 58
TABLE 24 LYSINE PRODUCTION CAPACITY, 2011 (KILO TONS) .. 59
CHINA AND FEED ...... 59
FIGURE 6 MARKET SHARE FOR LEADING LYSINE PRODUCERS,
2011 (%) ..... 60
VALUE OF U.S. LYSINE MARKET . 61
TABLE 25 U.S. LYSINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($MILLIONS) ...... 61
TABLE 26 ANNUAL U.S. LYSINE MANUFACTURING CAPACITIES,
2011 (KILO TONS) . 61
TABLE 27 PRICE OF LYSINE, THROUGH 2016 (98.5% L-LYSINE
MONOHYDROCHLORIDE) . 62
TABLE 28 PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN LYSINE, THROUGH 2016
(MILLION LB., 98.5% L-LYSINE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE) 63
TABLE 29 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF LYSINE, THROUGH 2016
(MILLION LB., 98.5% L-LYSINE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE) 63
LYSINE PATENTS 64
LYSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) .... 65
LYSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) .... 66
LYSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) .... 67
PATENTS BY CATEGORY .... 67
TABLE 30 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011 . 68
TABLE 31 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO LYSINE
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 69
TABLE 32 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO LYSINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) ...... 70
CHAPTER EIGHT: THREONINE 71
THREONINE .. 71
THREONINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS .... 72
TABLE 33 THREONINE PRODUCTION CAPACITY, 2011 (KTONS) 72
FIGURE 7 MARKET SHARE FOR LEADING THREONINE
PRODUCERS, 2011 (%) 72
FIGURE 7 (CONTINUED) . 73
THREONINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 73
TABLE 34 THREONINE PRODUCERS ...... 73
TABLE 35 U.S. THREONINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($MILLIONS) ...... 74
THREONINE PRICING ...... 74
TABLE 36 PRICE OF THREONINE, THROUGH 2016 ... 74
VALUE OF THE U.S. THREONINE MARKET .... 74
THREONINE PATENTS ..... 75
THREONINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) .. 75
PATENTS BY CATEGORY .... 76
TABLE 37 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011 . 77
TABLE 38 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO THREONINE
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 77
TABLE 39 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO THREONINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) 78
CHAPTER NINE: TRYPTOPHAN ...... 79
TRYPTOPHAN 79
TRYPTOPHAN APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS . 80
TABLE 40 TRYPTOPHAN PRODUCERS .... 80
TRYPTOPHAN REGULATIONS ...... 80
TRYPTOPHAN HEALTH APPLICATIONS ... 81
TRYPTOPHAN FAT FIGHTER .... 82
TRYPTOPHAN CAPACITY 82
PRICING .. 82
TABLE 41 TRYPTOPHAN PRICES, THROUGH 2016 ($/KG) ..... 83
VALUE OF U.S. TRYPTOPHAN MARKET ... 83
TABLE 42 U.S. VALUE OF TRYPTOPHAN IN ANIMAL FEED,
THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 83
TRYPTOPHAN PATENTS .. 83
TRYPTOPHAN PATENTS (CONTINUED) 84
PATENTS BY CATEGORY .... 85
TABLE 43 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011
(NUMBER/%) .. 85
TABLE 44 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO L-TRYPTOPHAN
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 ...... 85
TABLE 45 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO L-TRYPTOPHAN PRODUCTS
BY YEAR, 1997-2011 ..... 86
CHAPTER TEN SUMMARY OF U.S. MARKET SIZE FOR ANIMAL FEED
AMINO ACIDS ..... 87
TABLE 46 SUMMARY OF ANIMAL FEED AMINO ACIDS U.S.
MARKET, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) ... 87
FIGURE 8 SUMMARY OF ANIMAL FEED AMINO ACIDS U.S.
MARKET, 2008-2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 88
CONSUMPTION OF METHIONINE, LYSINE, THREONINE AND
TRYPTOPHAN IN FEEDSTUFFS ..... 88
POULTRY FEEDS . 89
TABLE 47 POULTRY FEED COMPOSITIONS . 89
TABLE 48 AMINO ACID FEED COMPOSITIONS (LB/TON) ..... 90
SWINE FEEDS ...... 90
TECHNICAL FACTORS ..... 91
PHYTASE .... 91
HIGH CORN OIL (HOC) . 91
HYDROLYSATES ..... 91
ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS ... 91
DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE, SHEEP, AQUACULTURE, AND PET
FOOD .. 92
DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE FEEDS .. 92
SHEEP FEEDS .. 92
AQUACULTURE ...... 92
PET FOODS 92
TABLE 49 PET FOODS WITH ADDED AMINO ACIDS .. 93
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOD FLAVORING AGENTS ..... 94
FIGURE 9 AMINO ACID FLAVORANTS WORLDWIDE MARKET
SHARE, 2011 (%) .... 94
FIGURE 9 (CONTINUED) . 95
VALUE OF U.S. MARKET FOR FOOD FLAVORINGS ..... 95
TABLE 50 SUMMARY OF AMINO ACID FLAVORING AGENTS,
THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 95
FIGURE 10 SUMMARY OF AMINO ACID FLAVORING AGENTS, 2008
AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS) ..... 96
PHENYLALANINE ...... 97
PHENYLALANINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION
PATTERNS ... 97
Aspartame Artificial Sweeteners ...... 97
Competitive Aspects of the Sweeteners Market .... 97
Aspartame-Sweetened Products 98
TABLE 51 SUGAR SUBSTITUTE PRICES, 2011 ($/100 COUNT BOX) ... 99
Diet Beverage Aspartame Use ... 99
Diet Candy Market 99
Aspartame and Coffee 100
Problems with Aspartame . 100
PHENYLALANINE PHARMACEUTICAL USES .. 100
EUROPEAN ASPARTAME .. 100
PHENYLALANINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS ...... 101
TABLE 52 PHENYLALANINE PRODUCERS .. 101
PHENYLALANINE PRICING .... 101
TABLE 53 PHENYLALANINE PRICES, 1980-2016 ($/LB) . 102
FIGURE 11 PHENYLALANINE PRICES, 1988-2016 ($/LB) ...... 102
VALUE OF U.S. PHENYLALANINE MARKET .... 103
TABLE 54 U.S. PHENYLALANINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2013 ($MILLIONS) .... 103
PHENYLALANINE PATENTS ... 103
Phenylalanine Patents (Continued) 104
Phenylalanine Patents (Continued) 105
Patents by Category ... 106
TABLE 55 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011
(NUMBER/%) 107
TABLE 56 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO
PHENYLALANINE PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 ...... 108
TABLE 57 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO PHENYLALANINE
PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) .... 109
CHAPTER TWELVE: GLUTAMIC ACID 110
GLUTAMIC ACID PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY . 110
GLUTAMIC ACID APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION
PATTERNS ..... 111
MSG REGULATION ...... 112
CHINESE RESTAURANT SYNDROME .. 112
FASEB Report on MSG ..... 113
FDA Proposals for MSG .... 114
Dangers of MSG ... 114
Truth in Labeling Campaign (TLC) 114
GLUTAMIC ACID CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS ..... 115
TABLE 58 GLUTAMIC ACID MANUFACTURERS 115
PRICING 116
VALUE OF U.S. GLUTAMIC ACID MARKET ... 116
TABLE 59 U.S. GLUTAMIC ACID MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 116
GLUTAMIC ACID PATENTS .. 116
GLUTAMIC ACID PATENTS (CONTINUED) 117
GLUTAMIC ACID PATENTS (CONTINUED) 118
GLUTAMIC ACID PATENTS (CONTINUED) 119
PATENTS BY CATEGORY .. 120
TABLE 60 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011
(NUMBER/%) 120
TABLE 60 (CONTINUED) 121
TABLE 61 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO GLUTAMIC
ACID PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 .. 121
TABLE 61 (CONTINUED) 122
TABLE 62 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO GLUTAMIC ACID PRODUCTS
BY YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) ..... 122
CHAPTER THIRTEEN CYSTEINE/CYSTINE ..... 123
CYSTEINE/CYSTINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY .. 123
CYSTEINE/CYSTINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS ...... 124
TABLE 63 CYSTEINE PRODUCERS . 124
CYSTEINE PRICING . 124
VALUE OF U.S. CYSTEINE/CYSTINE MARKET .... 124
TABLE 64 U.S. CYSTEINE/CYSTINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH
2016 (TONS/YEAR) .... 125
CYSTEINE/CYSTINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION
PATTERNS ..... 125
CYSTEINE AND NUTRACEUTICALS .... 125
CYSTEINE/CYSTINE PATENTS ... 126
CYSTEINE AND HIV .... 126
Cysteine and HIV (Continued) . 127
CYSTEINE AND COSMETICS ... 128
Cysteine and Cosmetics (Continued) ..... 129
CYSTEINE PATENTS ... 130
PATENTS BY CATEGORY .. 131
TABLE 65 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011
(NUMBER/%) 131
TABLE 65 (CONTINUED) 132
TABLE 66 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO CYSTEINE
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 ..... 132
TABLE 66 (CONTINUED) 133
TABLE 67 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO CYSTEINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) .... 133
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: ASPARTIC ACID .... 134
ASPARTIC ACID PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY ... 134
ASPARTIC ACID CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS ...... 134
TABLE 68 ASPARTIC ACID MANUFACTURERS . 135
ASPARTIC ACID PRICING ..... 135
TABLE 69 U.S. ASPARTIC ACID MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 136
TABLE 70 ASPARTIC ACID PRICES, THROUGH 2016 ($/LB) 136
ASPARTIC ACID APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION
PATTERNS ..... 136
ASPARTIC ACID COPOLYMERS ..... 136
ASPARTIC ACID PATENTS 137
PATENTS BY CATEGORY .. 138
TABLE 71 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011
(NUMBER/%) 138
TABLE 72 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ASPARTIC ACID
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 ..... 139
TABLE 73 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO ASPARTIC ACID PRODUCTS
BY YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) ..... 140
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: SPECIALTY USES ...... 141
PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS . 141
RESEARCH PURPOSES ... 142
CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES ..... 143
TABLE 74 AMINO ACIDS FOR SPECIALTY USES ..... 143
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: GLYCINE ...... 144
GLYCINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY . 144
GLYCINE PATENTS .. 145
RECENT PATENTS 145
Recent Patents (Continued) ..... 146
GLYCINE PHARMACEUTICAL USES .... 147
GLYCINE FOOD APPLICATIONS 147
GLYCINE NON-FOOD APPLICATIONS . 148
GLYCINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS .... 148
TABLE 75 GLYCINE MANUFACTURERS ...... 149
GLYCINE PRICING ... 149
VALUE OF U.S. GLYCINE MARKET ... 149
TABLE 76 U.S. GLYCINE MARKET PRICE, THROUGH 2016 ($/LB) ... 149
FIGURE 12 U.S. GLYCINE MARKET PRICE, 2011-2016 ($/LB) ..... 150
TABLE 77 U.S. GLYCINE IMPORTS, 2008-2016 (MILLION LB.) .... 150
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: ALANINE ...... 151
ALANINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY . 151
ALANINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS . 152
ALANINE PATENTS.. 152
ALANINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) ...... 153
PATENTS BY CATEGORY .. 154
TABLE 78 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011
(NUMBER/%) 154
TABLE 78 (CONTINUED) 155
TABLE 79 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ALANINE
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 ..... 156
TABLE 80 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO ALANINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) ..... 157
ALANINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS .... 157
TABLE 81 ALANINE MANUFACTURERS ...... 157
ALANINE PRICING ... 157
VALUE OF U.S. ALANINE MARKET .. 158
TABLE 82 U.S. ALANINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 158
FIGURE 13 U.S. ALANINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 158
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN ARGININE .. 159
ARGININE PATENTS 159
RECENT ARGININE PATENTS 160
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS . 161
Cancer Fighters ... 162
OTHER ARGININE PATENTS ... 162
PATENTS BY CATEGORY .. 163
TABLE 83 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011
(NUMBER/%) 163
TABLE 83 (CONTINUED) 164
TABLE 84 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ARGININE
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 ..... 165
TABLE 85 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO ARGININE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) ..... 166
ARGININE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS .. 166
TABLE 86 ARGININE MANUFACTURERS .... 166
ARGININE PRICING . 166
VALUE OF U.S. ARGININE MARKET . 166
TABLE 87 U.S. ARGININE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 167
FIGURE 14 U.S. ARGININE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 167
CHAPTER NINETEEN PROLINE .... 168
PROLINE TECHNOLOGY 168
PROLINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS .... 169
TABLE 88 PROLINE MANUFACTURERS ...... 169
PROLINE PRICING ... 169
VALUE OF U.S. PROLINE MARKET ... 169
TABLE 89 U.S. PROLINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 170
FIGURE 15 U.S. PROLINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 170
PROLINE PATENTS .. 170
PROLINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) ...... 171
PATENTS BY CATEGORY .. 172
TABLE 90 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011
(NUMBER/%) 173
TABLE 91 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO PROLINE
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 .... 174
TABLE 92 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO PROLINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) .... 174
CHAPTER TWENTY: LEUCINE ...... 175
LEUCINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY . 175
LEUCINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS . 175
LEUCINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS .... 176
TABLE 93 LEUCINE MANUFACTURERS ...... 176
LEUCINE PRICING ... 176
TABLE 94 U.S. LEUCINE PRICES (1 KG) 176
VALUE OF U.S. LEUCINE MARKET .. 177
TABLE 95 U.S. LEUCINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 177
FIGURE 16 U.S. LEUCINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 177
LEUCINE PATENTS.. 177
LEUCINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) ...... 178
PATENTS BY CATEGORY .. 179
TABLE 96 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011
(NUMBER/%) 179
TABLE 97 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO LEUCINE
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 ..... 180
TABLE 98 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO LEUCINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) ..... 180
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: VALINE 181
VALINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY .... 181
VALINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS .... 181
VALINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 182
TABLE 99 VALINE PRODUCERS ...... 182
VALINE PRICING ...... 182
VALUE OF U.S. VALINE MARKET ..... 182
TABLE 100 U.S. VALINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 182
FIGURE 17 U.S. VALINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 183
VALINE PATENTS .... 183
PATENTS BY CATEGORY .. 184
TABLE 101 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011
(NUMBER/%) 184
TABLE 102 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO VALINE
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 ..... 185
TABLE 103 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO VALINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) .... 185
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: TYROSINE . 186
TYROSINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY ...... 186
TYROSINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS ...... 186
TYROSINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS .. 187
TABLE 104 TYROSINE MANUFACTURERS .. 187
TYROSINE PRICING . 188
VALUE OF U.S. TYROSINE MARKET 188
TABLE 105 U.S. TYROSINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 188
FIGURE 18 U.S. TYROSINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 188
TYROSINE PATENTS ...... 189
TYROSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) .... 190
TYROSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) .... 191
PATENTS BY CATEGORY .. 192
TABLE 106 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011
(NUMBER/%) 193
TABLE 107 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO TYROSINE
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 ..... 194
TABLE 108 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO TYROSINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) ..... 195
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: ISOLEUCINE 196
ISOLEUCINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY . 196
ISOLEUCINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS . 197
ISOLEUCINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS ..... 198
TABLE 109 ISOLEUCINE MANUFACTURERS ..... 198
ISOLEUCINE PRICING ... 198
VALUE OF U.S. ISOLEUCINE MARKET ... 198
TABLE 110 U.S. ISOLEUCINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 199
FIGURE 19 U.S. ISOLEUCINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 199
ISOLEUCINE PATENTS .. 199
PATENTS BY CATEGORY .. 200
TABLE 111 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011
(NUMBER/%) 201
TABLE 112 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ISOLEUCINE
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 ..... 201
TABLE 113 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO ISOLEUCINE PRODUCTS
BY YEAR, 1999-2011 (NUMBER/%) ..... 202
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR SERINE ...... 203
SERINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY .... 203
SERINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS .... 204
SERINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 204
TABLE 114 SERINE MANUFACTURERS 204
SERINE PRICING ...... 204
VALUE OF U.S. SERINE MARKET ..... 205
TABLE 115 U.S. SERINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 205
FIGURE 20 U.S. SERINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 205
SERINE PATENTS ..... 206
PATENTS BY CATEGORY .. 207
TABLE 116 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011
(NUMBER/%) 208
TABLE 117 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO SERINE
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 ..... 208
TABLE 117 (CONTINUED) ..... 209
TABLE 118 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO SERINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) .... 209
CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE: ASPARAGINE ... 210
ASPARAGINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY . 210
ASPARAGINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS . 210
ASPARAGINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS .... 211
TABLE 119 ASPARAGINE MANUFACTURERS .... 211
ASPARAGINE PRICING ... 211
VALUE OF U.S. ASPARAGINE MARKET .. 211
TABLE 120 U.S. ASPARAGINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 212
FIGURE 21 U.S. ASPARAGINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 212
ASPARAGINE PATENTS . 212
ASPARAGINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) ...... 213
PATENTS BY CATEGORY .. 214
TABLE 121 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011
(NUMBER/%) 215
TABLE 122 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ASPARAGINE
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 .... 215
TABLE 123 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO ASPARAGINE PRODUCTS
BY YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) ..... 216
CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX: GLUTAMINE 217
GLUTAMINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY .. 217
GLUTAMINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS .. 217
GLUTAMINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS ..... 218
TABLE 124 GLUTAMINE MANUFACTURERS ..... 218
GLUTAMINE PRICING & CONSUMPTION ..... 219
VALUE OF U.S. GLUTAMINE MARKET ... 219
TABLE 125 U.S. GLUTAMINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 219
FIGURE 22 U.S. GLUTAMINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 219
GLUTAMINE PATENTS ... 220
PATENTS BY CATEGORY .. 221
TABLE 126 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011
(NUMBER/%) 222
TABLE 127 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO GLUTAMINE
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 ..... 223
TABLE 128 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO GLUTAMINE PRODUCTS
BY YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) ..... 224
CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN: HISTIDINE ... 225
HISTIDINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY ..... 225
HISTIDINE APPLICATIONS .. 226
HISTIDINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS . 226
TABLE 129 HISTIDINE MANUFACTURERS . 226
HISTIDINE PRICING 227
VALUE OF U.S. HISTIDINE MARKET 227
TABLE 130 U.S. HISTIDINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 227
FIGURE 23 U.S. HISTIDINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($MILLIONS) .... 227
HISTIDINE PATENTS ...... 228
HISTIDINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) ... 229
PATENTS BY CATEGORY .. 230
TABLE 131 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011
(NUMBER/%) 230
TABLE 132 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO HISTIDINE
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 ..... 231
TABLE 133 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO HISTIDINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) .... 231
CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT: SPECIALTY AMINO ACIDS ..... 232
TABLE 134 SUMMARY OF SPECIALTY AMINO ACIDS, THROUGH
2016 ($ MILLIONS) ..... 232
FIGURE 24 PERCENTAGE SHARE OF SPECIALTY AMINO ACIDS,
2011 (%) ... 233
OTHER SPECIALTY USES OF AMINO ACIDS 234
COSMETICS AND AMINO ACIDS ... 234
PHOTOGRAPHY AND AMINO ACIDS .... 235
DETERGENT AND AMINO ACIDS .. 235
Detergent and Amino Acids (Continued) ...... 236
AMINO ACID HEALTH APPLICATIONS ...... 237
Amino Acid Health Applications (Continued) ..... 238
APPENDIX I: ANCILLARY COMPANIES ..... 239
TABLE 135 CELL CULTURE REAGENTS/AMINO ACIDS SUPPLIERS ..... 239
TABLE 136 AMINO ACID STANDARDS SUPPLIERS PROVIDING
PROTEIN CHEMISTRY REAGENTS AND AMINO ACID ANALYSIS ...... 240
TABLE 137 AMINO ACID ANALYZERS SUPPLIERS PROVIDING
INSTRUMENTATION AND LAB EQUIPMENT 240
TABLE 138 AMINO ACID ANALYSIS SUPPLIERS PROVIDING
CUSTOM SERVICES FOR BIOCHEMISTRY AND PROTEIN
CHEMISTRY-RELATED SERVICES .... 241
TABLE 139 AMINO ACID POLYMER SYNTHESIS SUPPLIERS
PROVIDING CUSTOM SERVICES AND BIOCHEMISTRY/PROTEIN
CHEMISTRY-RELATED SERVICES .... 241
TABLE 140 AMINO ACIDS SUPPLIERS OF RADIOCHEMICALS AND
LABELED COMPOUNDS .. 241

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